King Vegeta ruled the Saiyans and, despite being considered the strongest of his race at the time, was eventually surpassed by his own son, Prince Vegeta. He's mostly a background figure in the manga—mentioned only in passing during Freeza's conversation with the Prince—but gets actual screen time in anime filler and the Broly movie.
Realizing that Freeza actually feared the Saiyans' growing power, King Vegeta plotted a rebellion against him before Planet Vegeta's destruction. The attempt went poorly. According to the anime, Freeza killed him and his elite guard without much effort. In the Broly film, King Vegeta's paranoia about the young warrior's exceptional power led him to order both Broly and his father Paragus executed—a decision that would have major consequences.
Content compiled by AnimeList.moe from publicly available sources.